SECTION 5: PATENTS第5節：專利

Article 27  Patentable Subject Matter第27條  可授予專利的客體

1.Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3，patents shall be available for any inventions，whether products or processes，in all fields of technology, provided that they are new，involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application.5  Subject to paragraph 4 of Article 65，paragraph 8 of Article 70 and paragraph 3 of this Article， patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention，the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.

在遵守第2款和第3款規定的前提下，專利應授予所有技術領域的任何發明，無論是產品還是方法，只要它們具有新穎性、涉及發明性的步驟，并可供工業應用。5在遵守第65條第４款、第70條第8款和本條第3款規定的前提下，專利的獲得和專利權的享受不應因發明地點、技術領域、產品是進口的還是當地生產的而受到歧視。

 

2. Members may exclude from patentability inventions，the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality， including to protect human，animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment，provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law.

各成員可不對下述發明授予專利權，如若在其領土內阻止對這些發明的商業性利用對于維護公共秩序或道德，包括保護人類、動物或植物的生命或健康或避免嚴重損害環境是必要的，只要此舉并不僅僅因為這種利用為其法律所禁止。

 

3. Members may also exclude from patentability：各成員也可不對以下發明授予專利權：

(a) diagnostic，therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals；

人類或動物的診斷、治療和外科手術方法；

 

(b) plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However，Members shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof. The provisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

除微生物外的植物和動物，以及除了生物和微生物之外的生產植物或動物實質上屬于生物的方法。但是，各成員應規定用專利或一種專門有效的特殊制度或通過這兩者的綜合運用來保護植物品種。本項的規定應在《WTO協定》生效之日4年后進行審議。

 

Article 28  Rights Conferred第28條  授予的權利

1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights：

一專利應賦予其所有權人以下專有權：

 

(a) where the subject matter of a patent is a product，to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the acts of：making，using，offering for sale，selling，or importing6 for these purposes that product；

如若一專利的客體是產品，則防止第三方未經其同意而進行制造、使用、標價出售、銷售或為這些目的而進口6該產品的行為；

 

(b) where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from the act of using the process, and from the acts of：using，offering for sale，selling，or importing for these purposes at least the product obtained directly by that process.

如若一專利的客體是一方法，則防止第三方未經其同意而使用該方法的行為，或使用、標價出售、銷售或為這些目的而進口至少是以此方法直接獲得產品的行為。

 

2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession，the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.

專利所有權人還應有權轉讓或以繼承方式轉移該專利并簽訂許可合同。

 

Article 29  Conditions on Patent Applicants第29條  專利申請人的條件

1. Members shall require that an applicant for a patent shall disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for the invention to be carried out by a person skilled in the art and may require the applicant to indicate the best mode for carrying out the invention known to the inventor at the filing date or，where priority is claimed，at the priority date of the application.

各成員應要求專利申請人以足夠清楚和完整的方式披露其發明，以使本專業領域的技術人員能夠實施該項發明，并可要求申請人在申請之日或在要求優先權時，在申請的優先之日表明發明人所知的實施該發明的最佳方式。

 

2. Members may require an applicant for a patent to provide information concerning the applicant's corresponding foreign applications and grants.

各成員可要求專利申請人就其相應的國外申請與授予情況提供信息。

 

Article 30  Exceptions to Rights Conferred第30條  授予權利的例外

Members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by a patent， provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the patent owner， taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.

各成員可以對專利賦予的專有權規定有限的例外，只要這種例外不會與對專利的正常利用發生不合理地沖突，也不會不合理地損害專利所有權人的合法權益，同時考慮第三方的合法權益。

 

Article 31  Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder

第31條  未經權利持有人授權的其他使用

 

Where the law of a Member allows for other use7 of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of the right holder，including use by the government or third parties authorized by the government，the following provisions shall be respected：

如若一成員的法律允許未經權利持有人授權即可對一專利的客體作其他使用，7包括政府或經政府授權的第三方的使用，則應遵照以下規定：

 

(a) authorization of such use shall be considered on its individual merits；

授權這種使用應一事一議；

 

(b) such use may only be permitted if，prior to such use，the proposed user has made efforts to obtain authorization from the right holder on reasonable commercial terms and conditions and that such efforts have not been successful within a reasonable period of time. This requirement may be waived by a Member in the case of a national emergencyor other circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public non-commercial use. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency，the right holder shall，nevertheless，be notified as soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public non-commercial use，where the government or contractor，without making a patent search，knows or has demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or will be used by or for the government，the right holder shall be informed promptly；

只有當擬使用者在這種使用前已按合理的商業條款和條件努力從權利持有人處獲得授權，并在合理的時間內未得到這種允許時，才可允許這種使用。在全國處于緊急狀態或其他極端緊迫狀態的情況下，或公共非商業性使用的情況下，一成員可豁免此要求。盡管如此，在全國處于緊急狀態或其他極端緊迫狀態時，應盡快通知權利持有人。在公共非商業性使用的情況下，如若政府或合約方未作專利查詢即知道或有明顯的理由知道一有效專利正在或將要被政府或為政府使用，則應迅速告知權利持有人；

 

(c) the scope and duration of such use shall be limited to the purpose for which it was authorized，and in the case of semi-conductor technology shall only be for public non-commercial use or to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive；

(a)  這種使用的范圍和期限應限于被授權的目的，如若是半導體技術，則只能應用于公共

商業性使用，或用于補救司法或行政程序確定為反競爭的做法；

 

(d) such use shall be non-exclusive；這種使用應是非獨占性的；

 

(e) such use shall be non-assignable，except with that part of the enterprise or goodwill which enjoys such use；

這種使用應是不可轉讓的，除非連同享有這種使用的那部分企業或商譽一起轉讓；

 

(f) any such use shall be authorized predominantly for the supply of the domestic market of the Member authorizing such use；

任何這種使用的授權應主要為了供應該授權這種使用的成員的國內市場；

 

(g) authorization for such use shall be liable, subject to adequate protection of the legitimate interests of the persons so authorized, to be terminated if and when the circumstances which led to it cease to exist and are unlikely to recur. The competent authority shall have the authority to review，upon motivated request，the continued existence of these circumstances；

在充分保護被授權人合法權益的前提下，如若當導致這種使用的情形已不復存在且不可能再出現時，則有關這種使用的授權應終止。在收到有關請求時，主管當局應有權審查這些情形是否繼續存在；

 

(h) the right holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case，taking into account the economic value of the authorization；

在每一種情形下應支付權利持有人適當的報酬，同時考慮有關授權的經濟價值；

 

(i) the legal validity of any decision relating to the authorization of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member；

任何有關這種使用決定的法律有效性須經過司法審查，或經過該成員中上一級有關當局的獨立審查；

 

(j) any decision relating to the remuneration provided in respect of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member；

任何就這種使用提供報酬的有關決定應經過司法審查或該成員中上級有關當局的獨立審查；

 

(k) Members are not obliged to apply the conditions set forth in subparagraphs (b) and (f) where such use is permitted to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive. The need to correct anti-competitive practices may be taken into account in determining the amount of remuneration in such cases. Competent authorities shall have the authority to refuse termination of authorization if and when the conditions which led to such authorization are likely to recur；

如若允許該使用是為了補救司法或行政程序確定的反競爭做法，則各成員沒有義務適用(b)項和(f)項規定的條件。在確定這種情況下的報酬金額時，可考慮糾正反競爭做法的需要。如若導致授權的條件可能再此出現，則主管當局有權拒絕終止授權；

 

(l) where such use is authorized to permit the exploitation of a patent (“the second patent”) which cannot be exploited without infringing another patent (“the first patent”)，the following additional conditions shall apply：

如若授權這種使用是為了允許利用一項專利(“第二專利”)，而該項專利的利用不得不侵犯另一項專利(“第一專利”)，則下列額外條件應適用：

 

(i) the invention claimed in the second patent shall involve an important technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent：

與第一專利中要求的發明相比，第二專利中要求的發明應包含重要的、具有重大經濟意義的技術進步。

 

(ii) the owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-licence on reasonable terms to use the invention claimed in the second patent：and

第一專利的所有人應有權以合理的條件通過交叉許可而使用第二專利具有的發明；

 

(iii) the use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-assignable except with the assignment of the second patent.

就第一專利授權的使用不得轉讓，除非與第二專利一起轉讓。

 

Article 32  Revocation/Forfeiture第32條  撤銷/無效

An opportunity for judicial review of any decision to revoke or forfeit a patent shall be available.

對任何有關撤銷或宣布一項專利無效的決定應有機會進行司法審查。

 

Article 33  Term of Protection第33條  保護期限

The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filing date.8

可獲得的有效保護期限不應自申請之日8起計算的20年期限屆滿前到期。